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Around 1150, large floods in the area ended development, leading to the construction of protective dikes and dams, including Schielands Hoge Zeedijk ('Schieland's High Sea Dike') along the northern banks of the present-day Nieuwe Maas river. The settlement at the lower end of the fen stream Rotte (or Rotta, as it was then known, from rot, 'muddy' and a, 'water', thus 'muddy water') dates from at least the year 950. Early history Map of Rotterdam by Frederick de Wit (c1690) History įor a chronological guide, see Timeline of Rotterdam. The extensive distribution system including rail, roads, and waterways have earned Rotterdam the nicknames 'Gateway to Europe' and 'Gateway to the World'. The Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt give waterway access into the heart of Western Europe, including the highly industrialized Ruhr.

The near-complete destruction of the city centre in the World War II Rotterdam Blitz has resulted in a varied architectural landscape, including skyscrapers designed by architects such as Rem Koolhaas, Piet Blom and Ben van Berkel. Rotterdam is known for its university, riverside setting, lively cultural life, maritime heritage and modern architecture. In 2022, Rotterdam had a population of 655,468 and is home to over 180 different nationalities. The Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 10th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country.Ī major logistic and economic centre, Rotterdam is Europe's largest seaport. In 1340, Rotterdam was granted city rights by William IV, Count of Holland. Rotterdam's history goes back to 1270, when a dam was constructed in the Rotte. It is in the province of South Holland, part of the North Sea mouth of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, via the 'New Meuse' inland shipping channel, dug to connect to the Meuse at first and now to the Rhine.

'The Dam on the River Rotte') is the second-largest city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam.

Rotterdam ( / ˈ r ɒ t ər d æ m/ ROT-ər-dam, UK also / ˌ r ɒ t ər ˈ d æ m/ ROT-ər- DAM, Dutch: ( listen) lit.

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